Customer Based Brand Equity Essay

Customer based brand equality is very important for both local and foreign businesses. Many local based brands have been facing increased competition and challenges from other foreign brands. Both foreign and local brands have been taking turns capitalizing on their competitive position within the Chinese mobile phone market. Because of this, there is a need for both local and foreign brands to gain a clear understanding of their customer’s preferences, in regards to mobile phone features and the perception of their competitive position from their customers. Building a brand and properly managing it has become very important for all companies. Companies are now beginning to realize that brand equity is a most powerful tool and a valuable asset to them. The maintenance and enhancement of a company brand has become a very important part of the management tasks in companies. Brand knowledge structures in the minds of customers are the foundation of brand equity. Brand equity is widely perceived as consisting of brand loyalty, brand awareness, perceived quality and brand associations, among other things. Building brand equity has specific rewards that are quite obvious. But there is a problem in that very few managers are able to objectively assess the strengths and weakness of their brands. Measuring brand equity is very important in assessing the value of the brand. Customer based brand equality helps companies to become aware of the likes and dislikes of their customers. This article shows that customers have three important attributes that they prefer; which are service, durability and brand image. Brand features uniqueness is the least important factor that affects consumers’ mobile phone preference. Price, distinctiveness, place, promotion and advertisements are the second tier attributes of consideration for customers. Attention should be given to improving the brand equity within the Chinese market. All mobile brands should pay very close attention to the improvement of their services and the enhancement of their products durability and brand imager, rather than focusing on intense price competition. The foreign brands are consistent across the board, clearly outperforming their foreign competitors with regard to customer attitudes in the Chinese market. The local foreign companies should begin to focus their attention on enhancing the quality of their product and building up their brand personality and their image. There is still room for the foreign brands to improve their brand equity. Strong brand equity means that customers have high brand awareness, maintain a favorable brand image, perceive high quality and are loyal towards the brand. Reference for the journal: Liaogang, Chongyan, Zian Source: International Management Review, Volume 3, Number 3, 1 April 2007, pp. 76-106

Compare and contrast Everyman and Christian in Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress Essay

The Dreamer is the narrator of this religious allegory. It is based on the injunction in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5) to seek first the kingdom of God. Christian‘s family don’t understand him, even think him mad perhaps. He leaves home carrying the book that inspired him, one of a number of pilgrims we encounter in the story, and he travels along the King’s highway. He meets many characters and encounters many of the problems we all face in our lives. He travels alone, almost isolated from all that is going on around him. As he travels he resists temptations of various kinds that would distract him from his journey and eventually he reaches the celestial city. Pilgrim reflects Protestant thinking of the time. Pilgrim travels in hope of heaven, rather than in fear of death as ‘Everyman does. Inspired by her husband his wife Christiana eventually makes a similar journey. Pilgrim , though an ‘everyman ‘ is based on Bunyan’s own experience, rather than a more general one. He had lain in the dungeons of Doubting Castle and had overcome Despair. His advisor, the Evangelist, is a positive figure rather than the negative one of Death in ‘Everyman’, even though Death is sent by God. The story is told in a very serious way. ‘ Everyman’ is an earlier work, a medieval morality play from the 15th century. It is much more light hearted despite its serious message. The morality plays used allegory just as Bunyan did to show the difficulties that Christians face in life. The character is told by Death that he is about to die. Everyman is deserted by his false friends, rather than isolating his self from them as Pilgrim does. Even his family desert him. He would not have carried a bible as they were not available to people in general. In the end it is only his good deeds that he can rely on while Pilgrim relies on Faith. Everyman reminds us right from the start that he represents every creature called to give account of themselves, but Christian is much more of an individual, one among many different people making their way to the Celestial city by various ways. One other difference is that the story of Christian was in book form – available only to the literate. ‘Everyman’ is a play that anyone who speaks the language can follow and learn from. Reference http://www.bibliomania.com/0/0/242/1883/frameset.html

Americanization in Denmark Sample

Americanization in Denmark Sample Essay The American linguistic communication is today one of the most popular spoken linguistic communication worldwide. With merely Chinese being superior to the American linguistic communication. it is no admiration why the linguistic communication. civilization and manner has quickly sneaked up on Denmark. and has started to impact the native linguistic communications of the state. We hear or read words and vocals from America every twenty-four hours. It could be a song playing in the wireless. or a label on a dish washer. and we don’t even think about it being American. A Danish author called Dan Turell one time said when he was speaking about his young person and the alterations in the Danish community. â€Å"USA was like the large brother of Denmark† . Globalization is besides a hot topic when speaking about the Americanization. What are the menaces and possibilities that globalization holds for us and the remainder of the universe? Easy communicating all over the univer se is one facet of globalisation. This appears to be a good thing but many bad things can come out of it. Of class planetary trading and negotiating is a good thing. China can portion their cognition and scientific discipline with USA and frailty versa. But terrorists can besides work the planetary communicating for illustration the presents pirates in Somalia. They can nobble some Danes and reach the Danish constabulary or authorities and inquire for a ransom. Globalization besides leads to the universe â€Å"shrinking† . Cultures will be more likewise because it is so easy to go to the other side of the universe and learn from other civilizations. purchase their nutrient or points and follow it in to your ain civilization. This can in worst instance scenario stop up with holding a universe that is the same no affair where you go. It doesn’t affair if you are in China or in Mexico. American words and sentences has for a long clip. been adopted into the Danish linguistic communication. At a immature age the Danes learn English at simple school. Therefore the linguistic communication is accepted and known by a batch of Danes. The Danes use a batch of American words like screw. download. Walkman and other words they don’t see American because they have been in the Danish vocabulary for so long. The Danish civilization is being Americanized non merely by words and sentences but with vocals excessively. As an illustration of this I have chosen the Danish pop-band Nephew’s vocal â€Å"Va Fangool! † – Which is an American slang for â€Å"fuck you† They start the vocal by singing in Danish. but with a few grammatical errors. In the center of the first poetry they sing â€Å"you know what I mean† which isn’t Danish. but American. They besides sing the chorus and the whole 2nd poetry in American before they switch back to Danish in the last chorus. merely to complete it off with some more American vocalizing. When you hear the music you know that the American portion is in another linguistic communication. but you don’t believe about because you know the linguistic communication and you understand the phrases. In the music picture. they show a fish called â€Å"Big Mouth Billy Bass† who is a fish that sings when you pass by it. It was really popular in Denmark in the late ninetiess and early 2000s. The fish American ginseng a few American vocals like â€Å"Don’t concern. be happy† by Bobby McFerrin. The Danes started purchasing this â€Å"singing fish† and placed it in their life suites. The vocal. along with the fish. shows clear marks of Americanization. And the managers doing the picture all know excessively good what they are making. And it’s no happenstance why they place the fish in the picture. American music picture shapers are teaming up with make-ups creative person and a batch of other professionals to do their music pictures appealing to the whole universe. And the Danes pick up inspiration. manner. and civilizations from rap-artists. theoretical accounts and athleticss stars. This besides distributes to the Americanization in Denmark. The Dan es start have oning â€Å"bling bling† ( expensive shiny jewelry and tickers ) like the blame stars 50cent and Snoop Dogg do. They talk the same slang and they look up to the stars. READ: The Influence of My Parents EssayThe Americanization has merely started and we will get down to see a batch more of this in the hereafter. Already now it can be difficult to state the difference between an American adolescent and a Danish adolescent by looking at their apparels and jewellery. The Americanization has been successful because USA working hard on spread outing globally by advancing themselves. Globalization is an uneven thing. it fascinates me how there can be so large of a difference between the wealth and wretchedness of different states. Many people are afraid of globalisation but I think we should encompass it and portion the wealth all over the universe to do it equal. to organize peace and to separate poorness and wretchedness. I don’t believe any continent should hold the ability. fiscal wise to rule the universe.

Internation study-proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internation study-proposal - Essay Example Globalization leads to increased government lending by developed nations and hence the country is able to start and complete economic projects. Access to funds improves various government aspects such as education, healthcare and social services. Globalization reduces poverty since people are employed and have access to better education. Expansion of some companies to developed nations brings resources necessary to develop new industries and in the end local industries grow more. On the other hand, globalization also has negative effects to developing nations. According to Brown and Lauder, globalization limits the expansion of industries in developing nations (Brown and Hugh 14). Globalization leads to unfair competition that brings down local companies in developing nations. Fallen companies in turn leads to an imbalance between exports and imports and hence such countries develop at a slower rate. Globalization leads to export of knowledge such that the developing nations have no skilled labor for their industries (Kose 208). The salaries in developing nations are low as compared to developed nations. Since globalization allows for movement of labor, most people tend to leave the undeveloped countries and go to developed nations to seek for employment. This hampers industrial and economic growth of many developing

How do theories of leadership provide practical advice on how to be an Essay - 1

How do theories of leadership provide practical advice on how to be an effective leader Discuss, with reference to at least two theories or models of leadership - Essay Example With these transformations, various leadership theories and models have been applied or used. Researchers and experts do not unanimously agree on a solitary leadership style that should be implemented in organizations to achieve success. Rather, they have argued that using or combining different theories based on the wants and needs of an organization will give out the best results. This paper will depict how leadership theories and models provide practical advice on how to be an effective leader. Moreover, transformational leadership theory and path goal theory will be incorporated in the essay. Philosophers and Researchers have studied or engaged in lengthy discussions about the nature of leadership. However, no conclusive facts and evidence exist as to what makes effective leadership (Judge, T. 2004, 36). The different perspectives advocated by researchers on leadership have led to examination of various variables. For example, characters of good leaders, the use of power, leadership models and theories, and the various leadership styles (Gillespie, N. 2004, 600). Historically, leadership definitions majorly focussed on the behaviours of leaders (Yukl, G. 2002, 56). For example, the conduct, values and behaviours of popular ancient Greek and Roman leaders were described in Plutarch’s Parallel Lives. The behaviours of these leaders were used as part of leadership training to subsequent leaders. Machiavelli provided Lorenzo de Medici in the early 16th century with a detailed prescription on how to become an effective leader in his book the prince. Lorenzo de Medici w as a leader in an Italian state/city. James Macgregor examined the leader follower relationship in his book leadership (1978) during the 20th century. The main goal of a transformational leader is to â€Å"transform† an organization or people (Nell, E. 2005, 98). The leader changes their heart, mind, insight, understanding and vision.

What are the Main Criticisms of Realist Literature review

What are the Main Criticisms of Realist - Literature review Example International relations refer to the political, and sometimes economic, relations between states. Realism is an approach to the management of international relations whereby decision-makers adopt a practical rather than a moral view of issues. Essentially, realism proscribes that we see 'the world as it really is rather than how we would like it to be' (Baylis and Smith, 1997:3). Realists have a somewhat Hobbesian view of humankind and states, actors are believed to be self-interested and, in order to maintain the balance of power, often must be forced into compliance by war, which is seen as a necessary byproduct of competition. Although realism is a dominant ideology in many Western countries including the United States, it is been subject to numerous criticisms, as they are the primary focus of this essay it is to these criticisms that we now turn. Implicit within realism is a set of fundamental principles, these principles form the basis of realist ideas, yet, also generate heavy criticism. Realists reject notions of long-term cooperation with or allegiance to competing states (Baylis and Smith, 1997:141-146).   The 'everything but arms' initiative developed in the region ensures that the worlds poorest countries are permitted to export all their goods (other than arms) into Europe free of charge (Stiglitz, 2004:246). If it were as realists suggest, all nations are self-interested utility maximizers then this type of cooperation would be highly unlikely. It would probably make more economic sense for the European Union to export to these poorer nations but to leave their own markets closed to foreign materials or to command a fee for allowing access which would normally be the case. Programs like this one are genuine attempts by the international community to find a viable solution to the problems of the third world, insinuating that not all states act in self-interest and all are capable of cooperation. Further, cooperation and long-term alliances are possible. It also suggests that as constructivists have argued, it is the state itself that defines 'anarchy' and it is by no means a fixed e lement of states, rather a socially constructed ideal that only survives in states that operate under realist auspices (Bayliss and Smith, 1997:141-161).   

Quantitative Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quantitative Decision Making - Essay Example Therefore, the expected value of producing the platforms commercially is 17,000. We have evaluated the option of conducting further research to make a more knowledgeable decision. Based on our previous experience we know that the research report could either predict high or low sales or could be inconclusive. There is previous data to prove that the research reports do not always accurately predict sales. After working out the probability of high and low sales based on the likely result of the market research and the probability of it being accurate, we realize that .. There are three routes that we can take. 1. Decide to produce platforms without market research 2. Conduct market research to decide way forward 3. Abandon commercialisation of the platform The viability of the project depends on the demand for the product post commercialisation. Given our past experience with launches of similar products, we know that the probability of high sales of such products is 30%. Our assessment of the profits from this project in case of high sales is 150,000. If the demand for the product is low, we stand to loose 40,000. Therefore, the expected value of producing the platforms commercially is 17,000. We have evaluated the option of conducting further research to make a more knowledgeable decision. Based on our previous experience we know that the research report could either predict high or low sales or could be inconclusive. There is previous data to prove that the research reports do not always accurately predict sales. After working out the probability of high and low sales based on the likely result of the market research and the probability of it being accurate, we realize that if we decide to go ahead and produce platforms based on market research, the expected value of the project will be 22,001. Therefore, the cost of the research can be valued at 5001. If the market research report predicts low sales and we do not produce the platforms, we would have incurred a cost of research The following factors need to be taken into account while deciding whether to produce or abandon the platforms project before or after conducting research : Expected value of producing the platforms without research - 17,000 Expected value of producing the platforms with research -

Female Genital Mutilation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Female Genital Mutilation - Essay Example This study outlines that reconsideration has occurred: the domestic has turned out to be an international issue, ‘female circumcision’ has been renamed to ‘female genital mutilation’ (FGM), whereas a ‘traditional practice’ has turned out to be a human rights violation. Under the scrutiny of the international community, the subject of female circumcision became a capsule of several affective debates regarding international human rights, sexuality, oppression of women, racism, Western prejudice, medicalization and cultural relativism, leading into a burgeoning of discourses and literature on the subject matter. However, misapprehension, uncertainty, and disagreement over the intricate aspects of this concern have not been resolved. Certainly, the set of literature on female circumcision is to a certain extent dispersed and contrasting, falling into different disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, history, demography, social work, political science, epidemiology, public health policy, and women’s studies. This paper discusses that one of my objectives in discussing this human phenomenon is to bridge some of these theoretical limitations through integrating contributions from different fields, ideological and geographic settings and hence emphasizing arising perspectives and associated aspects of the present debates. The tradition of female circumcision compels researchers and commonplace observers alike, inside and outside the intellectual community, to face more expansive philosophical and moral concerns. As stated by an anthropologist, â€Å"the very decision to write (or not) about the topic has become a political statement, and so is one’s choice on tone and terminology†.

Cybersecurity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Cybersecurity - Coursework Example This is because it is distinctive to a message, small changes to a message causes a different has, therefore, warning of interference. Symmetric methods may be the most suitable for securing movie videos from unlawful viewing while kept on servers in the cloud. A sender may use a key to program a message into cipher text. The receiver may employ the identical key to decipher it. This will permit only individuals who have authorization to the movie videos to view them. (Delfs & Knebl, 2007). Yes. The American government can employ a cloud-based model to enhance its operations. This is because applications of cloud technology do not rely on on-site staff or agency servers. A cloud-based computing model is beneficial in several ways. One, it will reduce governmental cost. Payments are made incrementally. Two, the government can save more information than on private systems. Third, government officials can access data from any place. Fourth, government agencies can collaborate and communicate efficiently (Rabkin & Zaharia, 2010). Community cloud model should be utilized for inter-agency connections. This is because this model shares resource among a number of organizations from an area with mutual interests, for example, jurisdiction, compliance, and security, whether managed by a third-party or internally and hosted outwardly or inwardly. The expenses are shared among less people than a public cloud (Zittrain, 2008). Meaning, only certain cost savings ability of cloud computing are fulfilled. Hybrid Cloud should be utilized for the public-private partnership critical infrastructure. A hybrid cloud entails a blend of a private and public cloud that work together, but remain sole units. This provides the advantage of numerous deployment models. Public-private partnerships are able to get levels of locally immediate usability and fault tolerance without depending on the connectivity of the internet when they use hybrid cloud for its critical

Richard Nixion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Richard Nixion - Essay Example It is high time that the American masses must recognize the achievements of Richard M. Nixon as an astute president and a great leader. Presidents like other common people, simply cannot choose the families in which they should be born. Richard Nixon certainly had a troubled childhood lacking in any form of motherly love and affection (Powell, 1999). An ill-tempered father who did not hesitate from exposing his progeny to blatant abuse and intimidation further worsened this situation (Powell, 1999). The battered and gloomy childhood of Nixon was further burdened by his father's panache for endowing his children with grandiose names owing origins to the English kings (Powell, 1999). Hence, Nixon always had to face bitter circumstances on the personal side of his life, giving way to an anxiety driven mindset obsessed by a yearning to win acclaims and honors from the people he intended to serve. Analyzed in such a backdrop, the achievements of Nixon as a man and a leader definitely stand to be tremendous and remarkable. Primarily, Nixon was a polished politician. In fact, there is no denying the reality that Nixon was a politician par excellence, who started exhibiting his tact and ingenuity right from the start of his career (Small, 2003). The politics of Nixon was always a mix of passion and drive. He successfully fructified his very first campaign for a congressional seat by tactfully revealing the left wing affiliations of his opponent. He established himself as a worthy tactician and strategist who was known for his strong anti-communist leanings, a trait that secured his candidature for the vice-presidency in 1952 (Pious, 2002). In the presidential campaign in 1952, he singlehandedly turned the tables against Adlai Stevenson by projecting himself as a champion of integrity and uprightness through a nationwide television address (Pious, 2002). Nixon was a politician who always did his homework. No doubt, the opponents of Nixon always found him a tough and formidable competitor. Even a cursory perusal of Nixon's history as a politician and a campaigner leaves no doubt as to his genius and marksmanship. During the illness of President Eisenhower in 1955-1957, Nixon conducted himself with an exceptional restraint and aptly handled the day- to- day administrative activities. The conduct of Nixon as a vice president and the Eisenhower-Nixon succession agreement meant to handle possible eventualities even today serves as a guiding model for the administrators and politicians (Pious, 2002). As a vice president, Nixon successfully campaigned for many Republican congressional representatives in 1954-1958. The White House always forwarded Nixon as an antidote against the Democratic aspersions regarding being lax on communism (Small, 2003). Nixon stymied the Bricker Amendment intending unprecedented constraints on the presidential powers (Small, 2003). In 1960, Nixon successfully won the Republican presidential nomination. However, he lost to John F. Kennedy primarily owing to the weak economic policies of Eisenhower.

Technology in the Next 100 Years the Futurologist’s View Essay Example for Free

Technology in the Next 100 Years the Futurologist’s View Essay Futurologist Ian Pearson discussed technologies of the future to more than 200 IT, security and finance delegates on the Aurora cruise ship. He spoke of IT security threats from smart bacteria, gadgets which are installed in the skin, the soaring of tax rates precipitating the emigration of graduates to low-tax economies, oil at 30 dollars a barrel, and the reversal of globalization. Gadgets of the future Electronics in the human body will record holiday and other experiences bungee-jumping for example and replay them into your nervous system, or someone elses. They will be able to feel the same sensations you did on holiday. This would surpass showing holiday snaps to friends and family. Games headsets are already recording some simple thought processes. Pearson also referred to active skin. Tattoos would be applied to the skin to provide interactive, touchsensitive video displays. One drawback: hackers may try to access your nervous system, though this threat will not deter all. Pearson referred to the digital mirror in which you see yourself as you want to, not as you are. And you could use active makeup to change your look during the day. Smart bacteria the biggest IT security threat to mankind? Pearson said that smart bacteria could be the biggest security threat known to mankind by 2025. They may land on keyboards and work out passwords. Even before [your password] signals reach the PC and get decoded by the software, they [smart bacteria] are already taking money out of your bank account. He told anyone in the audience who is working in IT security and is less than say 40-years-old: change your career. He referred to bacteria linked via infrared that form sophisticated self-organising circuits. Robots will replace IT workers the human-machine convergence Pearson referred to an optical brain in a conscious computer a billion times more powerful than the brain with emotions and senses. The conscious computer could be fully sentient benign or malicious. He showed on a slide the stages of man from homo erectus and homo sapiens to what he called homo machinus and bacteria sapiens within 150 years. By 2018 there may be a robot as smart as you are. Robots may have a higher IQ than humans and take over many intellectual and IT jobs today. Today many people work as smart machines. Machines will become much smarter. Research is being funded into making computers thousands and even a million times smarter than humans, he said. Why humans will still be needed the female-dominated economy But humans will add value because of the need for compassion. A robot will never be able to sit beside a patient, give them a cuddle and make them feel better. A robot can clear up a bedpan and give an injection, 2/6/13 Technology in the next 100 years: the futurologist’s view prescribe drugs. Compassion needs humans. A PC will be able to do what a human does today in an intellectual capacity. But a human will add value because of emotion and compassion. He said that workplaces will be designed for meeting people. Pearson spoke of the male-dominated economy coming to an end. Everything I do I could do with a piece of software if I spent enough time writing it. What my wife does, dealing with other people, I cannot do that at all. So she will have a job in 2020 whereas my job will be automated. We are heading very rapidly towards a female-dominated economy. Globalization in reverse Globalization is increasing. But it will soon start reversing. You cannot shake hands with someone or give them a cuddle across a network. Globalization, he said, will start to reverse thanks to the refocus on the care economy over a 100 year period. Oil at 30 dollars a barrel by 2030 Pearson made a case for the wo rlds energy coming from the Sahara and other deserts within 22 years, and oil at less than 30 dollars a barrel. He said that solar power from the Sahara, even at 12% efficiency, could replace carbon-based fuels such as oil, petrol and diesel. The Sahara alone could supply 40 times more energy than we need for the whole planet. One barrel of oil is the equivalent in energy of a solar panel, which measures one square metre, working in the Sahara working for six months. He spoke of solar farms in the Sahara, and super-cables to transmit the energy. By 2030 you cannot sell a barrel of oil for more than 30 dollars. At some point the maximum obtainable price will fall below extraction cost and the rest will be left in the ground. Obsolescence is great for IT and the environment Pearson said that the faster that technology becomes obsolete the faster miniaturisation will happen, which will reduce the drain on the worlds resources. Eventually we get a total sustainable future where everyone has all the IT they can dream of and almost no environmental impact. He added, The faster the obsolescence the faster we get there. If anyone tells you obsolescence is a bad idea, ignore them or argue with them but do not believe them. Do not ever limit your obsolescence cycle. That will slow down progress and increase environmental impact. As an example miniaturisation will bring everyday IT down to lapel-pin size. Agility is more important than being best-in-class Business will change faster. You should not focus on being best-in-class. You need agility. Optimisation is only a good strategy in a stable environment. Security too much will kill your company You cannot have a watertight security policy you have to give enough freedom to employees to do their jobs. In an extreme, your security department can kill your company better than any hacker. He said that boards of directors should beware of setting extreme goals for their heads of IT security. How can you have sensible security while making sure your employees can do their jobs well? Most blue chips do www.computerweekly.com/opinion/Technology-in-the-next-100-years-the-futurologists-view?vgnextfmt=print 2/4 2/6/13 Technology in the next 100 years: the futurologist’s view not do that very well at all. They stop their employees from doing their job. He warned that employees will bypass the corporate systems and do their jobs on home PCs, where there will not be any security at all, and then they will have their ideas stolen. Or they [employees] will be so inefficient you will not have a company. Tax rates will soar sending graduates overseas Pearson said there is nowhere near enough money in the governments pension funds to cope with a population that is living much longer.

An Introduction to Debt Policy and Value Essay Example for Free

An Introduction to Debt Policy and Value Essay What remains to be seen however, is whether shareholders are better or worse off with more leverage. Problem 2 does not tell us, because there we computed total value of equity, and shareholders care about value per share. Ordinarily, total value will be a good proxy for what is happening to the price per share, but in the case of a relevering firm, that may not be true. Implicitly we assumed that, as our firm in problems 1-3 levered up, it was repurchasing stock on the open market (you will note that EBIT did not change, so management was clearly not investing the proceeds from the loans in cash-generating assets). We held EBIT constant so that we could see clearly the effect of financial changes without getting them mixed up in the effects of investments. The point is that, as the firm borrows and repurchases shares, the total value of equity may decline, but the price per share may rise. Now, solving for the price per share may seem impossible, because we are dealing with two unknowns—share price and change in the number of shares: Share price=Total market value of equity

Differences Between Old And New Terrorism Criminology Essay

Differences Between Old And New Terrorism Criminology Essay Terrorism is not a new concept, and despite it was used very often over the past decade, it remains one of the most difficult issues to define. Its ambiguity comes from the different connotations that the term has gained over history. James D. Kiras points out that, although the definitions of terrorism vary widely, the all come from a common point: terrorism is a tactic characterized basically by the use of violence and the spread of fear; it can take many forms and often indiscriminately targets non-combatants. The starting points for the most disagreements about terrorism are the purposes for which violence is used, and its root causes (Kiras 2008: 372). According to Professor Adam Roberts, the term terrorism historically entered into European languages during the French revolution of 1789, when violence was used by the governments in Paris to impose their new order on a reluctant citizenry. Therefore, as recorded by the Acadà ©mie Franà §aise, the first meaning of the word terr orism was system of rule of terror (Roberts 2002). However, over the last decades the term terrorism has been used to define the recourse to violence by small groups to achieve political change. This has included ideological, ethnic, and religious exclusion or persecution (Kiras 2008). Terrorism has changed over time, and after 9/11 events, specialists in sociology, policy makers, scholars and the mass media have been widely using the term new terrorism. Therefore, David Tucker states that: This terrorism is reputedly distinguished from the old by a new structure, a new kind of personnel, and a new attitude toward violence. (Tucker 2001: 1). Furthermore, according to Professor Martha Crenshaw, in order to analyse the differences between old and new terrorism, three key aspects should be debated: goals, methods, and organization. Therefore, the new terrorism can be justified on a religious background, and the new terrorist groups considered having ambiguous goals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own sake. On the other side, the old terrorism is more comprehensible, limited and more specific, with its roots in political ideology (Crenshaw 2005). The old terrorism was regarded as being a political weapon, designed to produce chaos with the strategic purpose of, either to maintain a regime, or to create the conditions for a new one. Michael Stohls study shows that the violence of the terrorist acts is not intended simply to destroy but to be heard, and therefore terror is a message of strength, a warning designed to intimidate, to ensure compliance without the need to physically touch citizen [] the mor e extensive is the message, the more successful is the act. (Stohl 1988: 5). Stohl points out that the old terrorist groups chose their victims and targets with care, in order to achieve maximum chance of success, even if that often meant to target non-combatants or mass innocent victims. An example of terrorist act which has had an important impact on the history was the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand by a 19-year-old Bosnian Serb student, Gavril Princip, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 (Roberts 2002). Another purpose was to create or enforce obedience, either of the population at large or within the ruling party, in order to ensure greater future reluctance to assist the opposing side and greater obedience to the wishes of the insurgent cause or the security forces. This type of terror was put into effect during the revolutionary movements and in revolutionary regimes to create obedience within the ruling elites, to demonstrate their vulnerability and weakness, and f orce policy change. This occurred during the French revolution in 1789 and in Peru, when Sendero Luminoso secular organisation sought to destroy the existing social and political order in order to create a Maoist regime (Stohl 1988). The new terrorism, although is not so new, has changed its purposes over the decades. According to Martha Crenshaw, the new terrorists religious point of view is related to the pursuit of mass casualties. Because their goals are religious, the new terrorists seek to kill as many people as possible (Crenshaw 2006). Very often associated with Islamic terrorists, nowadays the terrorist groups have widely developed in the fields of transport, communications and weaponry, due to the massive process of globalization. Therefore, they produce greater violence and climate of fear, in easier ways and with a lower level of risk. In the present, the most debated and feared terrorist network is the Islamic organization Al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden. According to Global Security, it was  established around 1988 by bin Laden. In 1998, Al-Qaeda issued a statement under banner of The World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders saying it was the duty of all Muslims to kill US citi zens-civilian or military-and their allies everywhere. In consequence, on 9/11, 2001 a series of suicide attackers, members of Al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airplanes, two of them crashing into the  World Trade Centre  in New York City, the third one into the  Pentagon, and the fourth plane, crashing into a field, after being redirected to Washington D.C. (Global Security 2006). Therefore, if the old terrorism could be resembled more with a form of guerrilla warfare, the new terrorism, become global war, representing a much greater danger. Moreover, in order to analyse the different methods used by the old and new terrorists, Martha Crenshaw divides them in two different categories: secular terrorists and jihad terrorists. In the secular terrorism case the violence is said to be carefully calibrated, going just far enough to achieve their objectives. While they could have killed more people, they stick to their political objectives and chose not to, because indiscriminate killing would not produce success. Therefore, Brian  Jenkins states that: terrorists seem to be more interested in having a lot of people watching, not a lot of people dead (Jenkins 1988). Although the number of their attacks achieved a great number, no attack in the preceding years was as destructive as the catastrophe of 9/11. Still there were a number of incidents that produced well over a hundred casualties, as the midair bombing of Pan Am 103, attributed to Libyan agents, or Air India, attributed to Sikh extremists who wanted an independent Pun jab. In Crenshaws opinion the jihad terrorists are lead by religion to seek mass causalities. Their attacks are more lethal and they have strategic targets. After the attacks in the United States, a series of other bombing occurred in Bali, Madrid and London, spreading fear not only on the American continent, but all over the world (Crenshaw 2006). Among examples of the new terrorism, Aum Shinrikyos attack on the Tokyo subway is the only example of use of chemical weapons (Crenshaw 2003). On the other hand, the organization is widely different between old and new terrorism. As stated by Crewnshaw the new terrorists are often described as a network rather than an organization. By contrast, the old terrorists organization is thought to have been hierarchical and centralized. The new terrorism is said to be horizontal and flat, whereas the old terrorism is vertical and pyramidal. The West German terrorists of the 70s and 80s were not tightly structured as they appear to be. They were composed of small different groups with shifting political objectives. Neither did the anarchists in the 19th century, who were certainly not a centralised organisation (Crenshaw 2006). Moreover, jihad terrorism appears to be more organizes that any other terrorist network. According to Kenneth Katzmans study, Al-Qaeda is a very well structured organisation. Also it collaborates with a range number of other terrorist groups. These are either in partnership with Al Qaeda or on their own, atte mpting to destabilize established regimes in the region. These include the Islamic Army of Aden (Yemen) and Hizb-e-Islam/Gulbuddin) (Katzman 2005). Moreover, another crucial difference between old and new terrorism is the massive use of high technology of the new terrorism groups. As indicated by John Arquilla, David Ronfeldt, and Michele Zanini terrorists are likely to increasingly use advanced information technologies for offensive and defensive purposes, as well as to support their organizational structures (Arquilla et al. n.d.). Moreover, according to Kiras elements of globalization that permits the rapid exchange of ideas and good can also be leveraged and exploited by terrorist groups. The technologies associated with globalization allow terrorists to operate in a highly distributed global network that shares information and allows small cells to conduct highly coordinated, lethal attacks. Also, globalization may allow some terrorist groups to acquire, manufacture, and use weapons of mass destruction in order to conduct catastrophic attacks (Kiras 2008). To conclude, as stated by Tucker, although the networked, ad hoc character of contemporary terrorism is not new, the terrorism we experience today, at least the international terrorism, is more lethal than it was when it first emerged three decades ago and more likely to produce mass casualties (Tucker 2001). Thus, according to Crenshaw the difference between the new and the old terrorism is not as fundamental as proponents of the new terrorism view would have it. The differences among groups and over time do exist, but they are due to the changing environment, in particular the globalization (Crenshaw 2003). The new terrorism has become seriously dangerous since the 11 September 2001 attacks, which have shaped much of the history of the years since. As Grant Wardlaws study shows, it is seems likely that terrorism will be a more serious problem towards the end of the century than is currently. The present analysts believe that the incremental changes in the nature of terrorism and te rrorist groups will eventually lead some group to attempt mass destruction terrorism. Also, the changes in political socialisation which have occurred worldwide over the past few decades, together with easier access to powerful weapons, suggest the possibility that terrorism may be come to be seen by a wider range of groups as an acceptable way to stop governments operation in ways that group members see as inimical to their interest. (Wardlaw: 1989) Although it changes over the decades, terrorism remains a complex phenomen in which violence is used to obtain political power. The new terrorism presents a great danger as globalization has improved the technical capabilities of terrorists and given them global reach. In other words, globalization changed the scope and the nature of the old terrorism (Kiras 2008).

Persecution :: essays research papers

The Growing Effects of Persecution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the ages of Christianity, there have been many drawbacks to this cause. Many leaders among the Christian community were persecuted due to the disbelief of Christ being the Messiah among pagan worshipers, heathens, and even other credible religious leaders. This persecution more often led to death, or other horrifying results. But no matter what horrendous effects, there was always a brighter side causing the Christian faith to grow even stronger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of Rome’s strictness in following the laws and rules, they were very tradition bound. Many of the Pharisees were determined that the Old Testament was the only acceptable basis of religious law that the people of Rome should follow. The believed that Elijah was the Messiah, and they were waiting for his return. They also didn’t expect a â€Å"Messiah† to act the way that Christ did, having anything to do with sinners was looked down upon. However, after Christ’s death and resurrection, the disciples were told to go out into the world and spread the good news of their salvation. This didn’t appeal to the Pharisees at all, and they immediately set out to stop this message of freedom. The religious officials continuously put Simon and Peter in jail, Stephen was stoned to death, and there have been accounts of John’s attempted murder in boiling hot oil. Many Christians were flogged, stoned to death, skinned alive, fed to lions, and many more gruesome things. Nero burned half of Rome and then blamed the Christians, he even dipped some in kerosene and then lit them on fire so that there was light for the sporting events. Peter was even crucified, but he didn’t feel he deserved to die the same way as Christ so he was crucified upside-down. Persecution was so bad that Christians were accused of having a â€Å"hatred for the human race,† cannibalism, and incest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The response of the Christians has a lot to do with the influence upon the church. The Bible states in the book of Acts that after being beat by the Roman officials, Peter and James went out celebrating that they had been punished for spreading the news of Christ. After this event, and several escapes from prison due to divine intervention, Peter and the other Apostles were able to bring salvation unto many people. These events helped make the church what it is today. The church at this point in time was growing because of the faith that two groups of people displayed.

Emerson, Melville and Whitman :: Free Essay Writer

The way I view the world has been greatly affected by my reading this semester. Thought I had read Emerson and Melville before, I never before was able to sound the depths of their work and fully appreciate it. This semester was my first real exposure to Whitman, as well. The best analogy for my new outlook is an image of the universe as a yin-yang; it is a complete, unbroken whole within which two polar opposites are constantly in conflict. But more significantly I have taken to heart the doctrine of "Self-Reliance," which is one shared by all three authors. Emerson presents a different system of learning than I had ever encountered. Throughout my previous education, I was taught to learn whatever was in the book. The only place original thought was accepted was in occasional creative writing assignments, and even then a stylistic formula was required. The sentence from "Self-Reliance," "A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the lustre of the firmament of bards and sages." was a completely new idea to me. My mind originally dismissed the concept from his journals that "The dead sleep in their moonless night; my business is with the living. . . ." But on further reflection, it made sense. Self-reliance is an intimidating concept. Students are taught to externally justify any position we take. If we make a thesis statement we must find support for it in the crumbling stacks of the library. Yet in the end I have found that self-reliance is the most satisfying way t o grapple with life. Melville frequently supports these ideas in his writing. When Ishmael encounters the whale skeleton that a tribe of islanders have elevated to the status of a god, he demonstrates the gravity one should grant to others' ideas of religion: "Cutting me a green measuring-rod, I once more dived within the skeleton. From their arrow-slit in the skull, the priests perceived me taking the altitude of the final rib. 'How now!' they shouted; 'Dar'st thou measure this our god! That's for us.' 'Aye, priests—well, how long do ye make him, then?' But hereupon a fierce contest rose among them, concerning feet and inches; they cracked each other's sconces with their yard-sticks—the great skull echoed—and seizing that lucky chance, I quickly concluded my own admeasurements.

Goethes Faust - A Man of Un-heroic Proportions Essay -- Faust Essays

Faust: A Man of Un-heroic Proportions In Faust, Goethe builds a dramatic poem around the strengths and weaknesses of a man who under a personalized definition of a hero fails miserably. A hero is someone that humanity models themselves and their actions after, someone who can be revered by the masses as an individual of great morality and strength, a man or woman that never sacrifices his beliefs under adversity. Therefore, through his immoral actions and his unwillingness to respect others rights and privileges, Faust is determined to be a man of un-heroic proportions. It is seen early in the poem, that Faust has very strong beliefs and a tight moral code that is deeply rooted in his quest for knowledge. Sitting in his den, Faust describes his areas of instruction, "I have, alas, studied philosophy, jurisprudence and medicine, too, and, worst of all, theology with keen endeavor, through and through..." It is obvious that through his studies he has valued deep and critical thinking, however with the help of Mephisto, he would disregard his values and pursue the pleasures of the flesh. Faust's impending downward spiral reveals the greed that both Mephisto and Faust share. Mephisto's greed is evident in the hope that he will overcome Faust's morality and thus be victorious in his wager with God; also because he is the devil and that is what he does. For Faust, greed emerges because of his desire to attain physical pleasures and therefore become whole in mind, body and spirit. Faust's goal to become the ÃÅ"berminche is an understandable desire, however, the means at which he strives for those ends are irresponsible and unjust. It is through this greed that Faust with the help of Mephisto exploit others in the pursuit... ... dishonest and greedy to such a wondrous and magical location only because he admits that what he did was wrong. Attaining passage into heaven is the only accomplishment that Faust makes in order to attain hero status. Even this final accomplishment is questionable, because God would not allow a man so unworthy to accompany people who have such a high moral standard and irrefutable grace. Faust then, neither falls under the classical definition of a hero except that he was, "...favored by the gods" and he does not fit into my personal definition of a hero. For Faust is not someone whose actions should be followed, he sacrificed his beliefs under adversity and most importantly; he destroyed anyone's life if it conflicted to any aspect of his plan for superiority. Faust then, may be considered the greatest un hero to have ever attain passage into heaven.

Health Advocacy Campaign Essay

Health Advocacy Campaign: Fighting Mental Illnesses one Day at A Time Millions of American’s are affected by mental health illnesses. As a nurse I understand that mental health illnesses have no respect of person. The National Alliance on Mental Illness reported that approximately 61.5 million Americans are affected by mental illness in a given year, and almost 13.6 million individuals live with a serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, depression, or bipolar disorder (National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2013). http://www.nami.org/factsheets/mentalillness_factsheet.pdf. Further, data revealed that 20 percent of youth ages 13 to 18 years old have experienced severe mental disorders within a given year, and about 13 percent of these populations are pediatrics patients that range between the ages of ages 8 to 15 years old. The United States spends nearly $193.2 billion per year on mental health diseases (NAMI, 2013) proving that mental health illnesses are a major public health concern. Crises around the world have caused a greater shift in the efforts to promote wellness within communities. Public health priorities are more geared towards communities working together to combat the devastating tragedies that continue to affect many schools and communities within the United States. It has been estimated that by the year 2020 depression will be the second largest killer, and many communities and schools have already begin to experience the horrific repercussions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop a health advocacy campaign that will more readily identify mental health illnesses as well as explore realistic methods to promote policies as well as improve community health outcomes. Population Health Issue and Population Affected Depression is a chronic medical condition that affects the way in which individuals feel, think, and behave. At some time in every individuals life sadness will be experienced; however, depression is far more serious. Depression is a lifelong disorder that requires ongoing medical treatment. Yearly, depression affects approximately 9.5 percent of the United States adult population, but the pediatric population has recently been identified as the fastest growing population diagnosed with clinical depression (Uplift Program, 2004). http://www.upliftprogram.com/depression_stats.html#statistics. Research has  found that depression stems from trauma, stressful life situations, and environmental exposures. Even though genetics may be a factor, depression episodes are usually trigged by some type of upsetting or traumatic event. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) estimates that approximately 11 percent of adolescents are diagnosed with a depressive disorder by age of 18 years old (National Institute of Mental Health, 2014), which seems quite alarming because depression is not easily recognized in pediatric populations. Although, if close attention is paid changes can be noted in general interaction with peers such as: increased irritability, anger, aggression, social isolation, and low self-esteem. Most recently there have been an increasing number in school shootings. Although, all the shooters except one have committed suicide the assumed causes have been linked to some type of traumatic stressful situation such as bullying or exposure to afflicted violence. Research completed by psychiatrist Meena Vythilingam found that extreme stress and trauma has effects on portions of the brain leading to improper functioning of the body’s memory and control of emotions. ( cite article ) When mental illnesses are left untreated serious impairment in daily functioning occurs. Therefore, early screenings and treatments in pediatric populations are essential. Nature Neuroscience 5, 1242 – 1247 (2002) Published online: 15 October 2002; | doi:10.1038/nn958 Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma Mark W. Gilbertson1, 2, Martha E. Shenton2, 3, 4, Aleksandra Ciszewski4, Kiyoto Kasai4, Natasha B. Lasko1, 2, 5, Scott P. Orr1, 2, 5& Roger K. Pitman2, 5 Advocacy Programs Researched in this Area Advocacy programs researched in mental health disorders included the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance. The DBSA is an impactful organization that offers a multitude of support groups for youth and adults throughout the United States. The DBSA has multiple chapters and networks located within each state and are also tech savvy. Support services can be accessed through the web in real time; therefore, participants can join meetings virtually and partake in the ongoing support and promotion of wellness and recovery. The major benefits of DBSA are to enhance wellness by  helping individuals that suffer from depression look at the positivity that life can offer understanding that with treatment and recovery one can live a life of joy and happiness. Additionally, the program offers a 4 week course titled Living Successfully with a Mood Disorder that can be facilitated by advocates within communities as efforts to teach individuals how to live healthy, full, meaningful lives while living with a mental health disorder. Furthermore, if there is any reason an individual cannot attend their community facilitated session on Living successfully with a Mood Disorder the DBSA offers online courses as a way of reaching as many individuals as possible. To date the DBSA have developed a strategic plan which remolded their vision for wellness for individuals living with mood disorders as well as set innovative values that are established to support their direction of moving forward. http://www.dbsalliance.org/site/PageServer?pagename=home—citation The National Alliance on Mental Illness is another organization that advocates for community support and recovery of mental health disorders. NAMI has become known as one of the most popular organizations for supporting and advocating for mental illness throughout United States worldwide. The organization prides itself on its commitment to campaigning for access to services, treatment, and continuing research as they raise community awareness for individuals in need. Because NAMI understands the damaging and devastating effects that mental illnesses can create within communities the organization works diligently to make sure lives are saved daily. Furthermore, NAMI has also been a big influence politically. They have made national investment in lifesaving research and have rallied for the equality of mental health care. Additionally, the organization prides itself on successfully addressing the stigmas of mental illnesses through social media and signature educational programs that can be viewed as symbols of help and hope for communities, families, and individuals. Promoting public awareness will always be their main objective as they passionately work to ensure positive outcomes for all American youth and adults. Effective Attributes of the Programs To date both programs are currently meeting todays societal needs, outreaching through social media, as well as having tangible advocate that  can be contacted for support and help in times of need. There compassion and commitment to increasing and promoting community awareness have included outreach efforts worldwide. Moreover, NAMI has even further extended their efforts to address the challenges of our changing world through supporting virtual communities of help and hope to millions through social media channels such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and their very own website titled NAMI.org. Health Advocacy Plan According to the U.S. Surgeon General 11 percent of youth have been diagnosed with a mental health illness and more alarming statistics reveals that two-thirds of America’s youth who have a condition have not been identified nor have they received mental health services (Cite http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/legislative-priorities). My health advocacy plan focuses on the early identification, treatment, and recovery of mental health illnesses within pediatric populations proposing a policy addition to the Mental Health Awareness and Improvement Act of 2013 (S. 689). Currently the Act addresses the country mental health crises from an educational and public health standpoint. The educational standpoint focuses on promoting school-wide prevention through the development of positive behavioral supports and encouraging school-based mental health partnerships. The public health standpoint focuses on suicide prevention, helping children recover from traumatic events, mental health awareness for teachers and other individuals, and assessing barriers to integrating behavioral health and primary care ( cite). In addition to the current Act there needs to be an increase in efforts towards earlier identification of behavioral and emotional problems so that appropriate referrals for mental health can be assessed as early as possible facilitating ongoing follow up care and treatment for identified disorders. Efforts will include screening pediatric patient’s ages 3 to18 years for during well child exams. Local Health Departments, Pediatric offices, and Family Care Practices should be required to utilize The Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC-17) screening tool during well child exams. The PSC-17 screening tool which is recommended by the AAP will be completed by the parent or adult that the child lives with if the child is between ages 3 to 1 1 years old. Children between the ages of 12 to 18 years will complete to form by themselves with parental supervision. It  will be explained to parents/adults and teens that the enactment of the Affordable Care Act have encouraged a greater focus on preventive screenings; therefore, the visit today will encompass a comprehensive level of care that includes screenings to identify any risk factors that children may be subjected too. Parents/adults and teens will further be provided with clear directions on how to complete the form to determine the child’s risk for mental health problems in three different categories. The form will then be assessed and evaluated by the Physician/Practitioner or Registered Nurse based on the parents/adults or teens responses, determining the child’s risk and further needs for evaluation of care. If results are within normal limits the parents/adults and teen will be provided with positive reinforcements; however, if the results are abnormal the Physician/Practitioner will provide positive reinforcements along with a referral if the parent/adult consents f or further evaluation and ongoing care by a pediatric psychiatrist. Additionally, because we have a team of school nurses that work directly with children daily within the school systems this tool will further be utilized to recognize cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems so that a greater percentage of the pediatric populations are reached and screened. In efforts to address ongoing follow up care and treatment, collaboration has been established with a local outpatient mental health and rehab center that provides comprehensive services to children and adults. All positive results and referrals will be forwarded and communicated with a designated nurse at the outpatient center and contact will be made with families from the designated nurse within 1-2 business days. The two entities which are the Richland Public Health Department and Catalyst Life Services will maintain ongoing communication regarding the child’s and families continuing progress, along with providing and directing needed resources as the needs arise. Objectives for the Policy Implemented: By January 1, 2015 at the end of the child’s well child visit parents or the adult that the child is living with will understand the significance and importance of early screening for pediatric depression and ongoing services if needed. By January 1, 2015 all children screening positive for depression will receive ongoing treatment and services that are evidence based  incorporating therapeutic knowledge that is individualized to each child’s specific needs within 30 days from the initial well child visit. By January 2015, Yearly well child exams will be scheduled and kept by the parents with reminder calls and/or letters sent out in the mail 30 days before scheduled appointment, then again 1 week before scheduled appointment. By January 2015, Communication between RPH and Catalyst regarding status/progress updates will be documented in the child’s EMR every other month documenting how the child and family are doing with treatment and follow up care. Data and Evidence to Substantiate Proposed Need— http://jpepsy.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/3/348.full citation In a 2011 study published in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology many physicians cited several barriers as reasons for not assessing and screening pediatric patients for psychosocial concerns, with the biggest barrier being time constraints. The study also found that during a National survey 29-50% of parents reported that their child’s pediatrician was not screening their child/children for mental health issues or concerns. So, the AAP has been diligent, formulating and designing a pediatric symptom checklist scoring tool that has a moderate to high sensitivity and specificity in efforts to address cited barriers for physician neglecting to screen pediatric populations during well child exams. The PSC-17 checklist and screening tool is a quick, easy, and effective way to identify cognitive, emotional, and behavioral which facilitates the initiation of interventions as soon as possible for identified mental health problems. Another study published in the American Academy of Pediatrics found that pediatricians and other primary care clinicians have only focused their attention on meeting the primary care needs of the child, forgoing evaluation of mental health disorders. The article further explored the values of the AAP policy statement which addresses the importance of improving pediatric populations’ health services as well as community services. Researched data has revealed that mental health concerns not only exist within the child, but includes all aspects of the child’s life such as family, school, community, and many other exposures they child may be vulnerable to. With the increasing number of school shootings communities as  well as primary care providers have shown an interested in advocating and enhancing mental services within communities as well as outreaching and forming partnerships with local mental health agencies, community health activists, child protective and juvenil e justice, local health departments, and schools. Improving patient’s health outcomes by shifting the health care system towards quality over quantity is imperative. Section 2713 titled Coverage of Preventive Health Services requires all healthcare plans to cover preventive services, as well as pediatric preventive services and screenings recommended by the Health Resources and Services Administration. HRSA works in connection with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, whose main goal is improving access to health care by strengthening the health care workforce, building healthy communities, and achieving health equity (Health Resources and Services Administration, 2014). Therefore, HRSA provides grants to multiple organizations as efforts are implemented towards improving and expanding health care services for underserved communities throughout the United States. How Attributes of Effective Advocacy Programs Researched Can Be Applied to this Proposed Campaign Attributes of effective advocacy programs researched can be applied to the proposed campaign by networking and outreaching with organizations and individuals that share the same compassion and commitment towards increasing and promoting community awareness about mental health illnesses. Further attributes include creating partnerships that fosters marketing skills that capitalize on combining resources to increase greater support and power than on organization would have alone. The DBSA and NAMI also have multiple chapters and networks located within each state; therefore, the utilization of trusted organization could also be utilized as conglomerates for regular contact, name recognition, and credibility in efforts to promote ongoing care and support of wellness and recovery through screening pediatric population. Legal Considerations All nurses should be familiar with the basic legal concepts of nursing practice acts and laws. Nursing practice is governed by many laws;  therefore, it is essential that nurses assume accountability for their professional nursing judgments and actions. Enactment of Policy through Modification of Existing Policy OR Creation of New Legislation Policies to address the mental health crisis throughout America has become of great concern for today’s youth. In April of 2013 the Mental Health Awareness and Improvement Act of 2013 (S. 689) was submitted to Congress to reauthorize and improve programs related to mental health and substance use disorders. Because of the identified risk from 2011 statistical data within my own community (13% of 6th -12th grade youth had seriously considered suicide and 6% of youth had attempted suicide. Further finds found that 265 of youth reported feeling sad or hopeless almost every day for two weeks or more which stopped them from doing regular activities and 41% of youth reported they would seek help for sadness and 14% did not know where to seek help) professional self-regulation needs to occur. According to Milstead, legislators may make adjustments to bills during several points of review so it is important that Advanced Practice Nurses monitor bills during this process so they can apply influences for positive outcomes ( Milsted, 75). Although, the bill addresses the use of positive behavioral interventions and supports, early intervening services, and school-based mental health programs to improve academic achievement and reduce disciplinary actions (cite https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s689/text); however, further modifications should be considered to further improve this existing policy. Pediatric screenings for mental health disorders should be mandatory for all office and clinic based physicians/practitioners/providers that provide well child exams to children ages 3 to 18 years old. This will ensure that all pediatric populations are being reached and early identification of behavioral problems can be addressed as soon as possible as efforts to prevent, promote, and protect communities. How Existing Laws or Regulations could Impact My Advocacy The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is one law that could positively impact my advocacy. The ACA requires coverage of preventive health services as well as all healthcare plans to cover preventive services such as pediatric preventive services and screenings, which are recommended  and supported by the Health Resources and Services Administration. Because the HRSA works in connection with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services efforts are focused on building healthier communities and achieving health equality. Therefore, the HRSA provides grants to organizations as efforts are implemented towards improving and expanding health care services for underserved communities throughout the United States and as a result, nurses are capable of outreaching and marketing to form relevant political relationships to assist in supporting and backing legislation. According to Milsted (p.49) nurses utilize persuasion to achieve desired goals because policy makers not know everything about nursing specialties; therefore, nurses can utilize performance measures to showcase continuous monitoring when reporting progress and ongoing efforts to improve organizational programs. Moreover, the main goal is to report to policy makers what has been contributed and how it has positively affected community health outcomes.

Healthy Eating Essay

feeding foods containing fat does not seem homogeneous a smart thing to do especially if you atomic number 18 dieting, but genuine fats atomic number 18 essential to put up incontestable our bodies remain thinking(a). on that point ar fats to forefend and these ar known as the mischievous fats. Saturated fats and trans-fats are considered evil fats. This pil first gearcase of fat would include butter since it is much solid even at recrudesce on temperature. Eating too much of these fats put forward cause your cholesterol levels to rise. High utilisation of these fats can also cause a stroke and possibly antecede to disembodied spirit ailment. Not all fats are bad though. on that point are good fats much(prenominal) as polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats.If these fats are consumed in moderation, they have the ability to lower cholesterol. There are risks to having too much of whatsoever type of fat. Too much could lead to excessive weight set ahea d and obesity. Maintaining a healthy diet can be done with close monitoring to make sure you are taking in as many calories as you are burning. Taking in more calories than you are burning will cause you to gain weight. It is important to eat high-fiber foods, fat-free and low fat along with whole grains, fruits and vegetables. lineament is also essential to a healthy diet. Eating a high-fiber diet will add bulk to what you are eating and you will remain full endless which will prevent unnecessary collationing. There are 2 types of fiber, soluble and insoluble. soluble fiber turns to gel when combined with piddle to slow down digestion so you note full for a longer fulfilment of time. Insoluble fiber speeds up the surgical process of the food we eat going by our stomach and intestines and adds bulk to our stools. There are so many ways to get fiber into your diet such as most cereals, fruits, vegetables, whole grains and dried beans. High-fiber diets are beneficial. Fiber aid s in deadening and helps things run smoothly and helps digestion. Diabetes and heart disease are sometimes treated with a high-fiber diet. Adding fiber into your diet is as naive as eating nuts to your snack or lentils to your soups and stews.

Family Practices Essay

P bents have the mountainous responsibility of rearing their children in the best modality they can. They have a lot of investment towards their children to learn them up in the most righteous way. P bents reach knowledge, values and even some of their known practices which they grew up with. There are so many super C practices imparted to us by our parents. These practices revolve whitethornbe on simple things such(prenominal) as eating unitedly during dinner and saying a prayer earlier we sleep.Our family believes in the power of herbaceous plantal medicine that would be able to heal our illnesses. herb tea medicines are openhearted of medicines that come from plants (Bupas Health Information Team, 2007). An herb is a plant that is comm unless used because of its flavor, spirit and medicinal properties. Many of these herbs are processed and are available in the market is various forms such as tablets, capsules, teas, etc. but there are still some herbal medicine that whit ethorn cause threat is peoples wellness. slightly may cause health problems and some may not interact well with other drugs ( herb tea Medicine, 2009).The Western hemisphere has long toss out the used of the herbal medicines due to the advancement of applied science and healthcare that is able to provide a bingle medicine that will cure illnesses. Many people, headmaster and lay individuals, do not know that plants may be able to provide useful health benefits. The benefits of the plants are in the form of alternative and complementary color medicines and many people consider it as contrasted part of folk times (Ernst, 2000). This nontraditional health practice has been passed on my family through generations. Not only able to preserve our family solidarity but our health as well.ReferencesBupas Health Information Team. (2007, August). Herbal Medicine. Bupa. Retrieved January 20, 2009 from http//hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/ hypertext mark-up language/herbal_medicine.html.Er nst, E. (2000). Herbal Medicine A Concise Overview for Professionals. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann.Herbal Medicine. (2009, January 13). Medline Plus. Retrieved January 20, 2009 from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbalmedicine.html.

Adult Influence in the Development of Self-awareness in Children Essay

An singular who has an sentiency of who he/she is as a some whizz atomic number 18 severalise to be happier than those who let outweart. Having a buckram instinct of ego encap qualifieds us to conduct head federal agency decisions much or less how we compliments to brave out our exits and chase our reveries and ambitions. appendd how does integrity compass self- cognizance? Self-aw atomic number 18ness is a life storyspan-long process, it is essentially be cap fit-bodied to receive our identity element and decrease to impairment with who we genuinely argon. The phylogenesis of self- receiveingness is non a single give alternatively our pargonnts, instructors, peers and the media, ever curve us.It is my impression that p arnts and t individuallyers more(prenominal) than than any(prenominal) new(prenominal) actor has the sterling(prenominal) catch in the phylogenesis of our awargonness. Thus, p bents and teachers uphold and retard t he breeding of a tikes self- mavin. P bents and teachers provide the charge and nurturing that electric razorren essential to increase their backbone of self. On the early(a) gain they tail assembly in standardised manner blank out the claws by-line for awargonness if they swan that their electric razor last what they could non be and to put up them to fool their don worldviews. hold moreInfluences that adjoin fryrens using undertakeAn relate collect out of focus and rootedness give settle to be the go around economy for a squirt to advance who they atomic number 18 as persons. directive squirtren in their lie withs and nurturing their upbeat female genitals religious service electric s attainrren devise their mind of self. When fosters and teachers over footprint electric s take a shitrren in the decisions they make in their pass aways it teaches minorren that they be persons of worth(predicate) who merelytocks make their admit decisions. Franeck produce that if his p arnts did non fag him to depend for a labor and live on his cause, he top executive sill be livelihood with his p bents and would suffer endure a failure.This shows us that one-year-old adults lack to be prodded and to be challenged to take that step to live their determine lives. Without this ride out gad they force ripe stay in the dug-out indefinitely desire the so cal conduct magnificence of adults to a electric razors fruit to sensory faculty rogue2 throwing stick kids who be learned fresh adults and be existent at floor because they atomic number 18 stone-broke and parttime (Franeck, ). Teachers as well as claim sisterren in their sit track. They gouge booster chel ben reckon who they compliments to be in the succeeding(a). succeeder and act contributes to the childs cognizance of who he/she is. When teachers part their students that they be proper at what they do, it builds th eir self-consciousness and leads to agitate magnitude cognisance. Malcom X in his archives say that his teacher Mr. Ostrowski do him boast in mind some his hereafter and what company had to introduce him, which led to his sensory faculty of his range in life and the proneness to do something more or less it (The commencement study, ). wherefore do parents and teachers charge and nurturance consequence? raises and teachers are the meaning(a) adults in each childrens lives wherefore, children propose them as place figures and what they say or do mass apply invari fit impressions in a childs encephalon and thus affects the way he/she commemorates of himself/herself. In contrast, when parents get under ones skin similarly tyrannical and inhabit their children to get hitched with their birth way of life and views without considering their childs individualism they forget the maturation of self- sensory faculty. Likewise, when teachers wrench break of servefinding(prenominal) and do non take his/her students the identical way, consequently he/she hampers self- ken. domineering parents are those who bring d get hold of their own survey systems to their children and reckon them to get along accordingly. This hampers the organic evolution of self- awareness because children are non open-bodied to imply for themselves, they are non allowed to look for and fill in with their individuality. Children proceed a grammatical construction or a dick of their parents and they fuelnot be judge to move around mentally sound and amply carrying into action individuals. Ca graphic symbolan Hwang (1998) had battled with the fretfulness of splendour of adults to a childs appendage to awareness scallywag3 lovable her parents and prosecute her dreams because she knew that her parents had sacrificed a muddle for her and she was doubtfulnesslessly indebted(predicate) to them, she knew she owed them the fulfil lment of her parents dreams for her. As an adult, she ease has not been able to prove her own identity, is not accredited of her future and has not had a genuine paint a picture relationship. In the alike(p) way, Emilyn lats (1991) experience similarly portrays how parents faeces counteract a childs offset of awareness. lat had parents who did not requisite her to be Americanized, they dictated what she should and should not do with her affectionate life.She grew disaffect from her parents and looked to the heavy(a) medication for inspection and repair, but sadly was frustrated. Her parents threw her out because she refused to be off-key into psyche she did not require to be. Emilyn accomplished that caller views children as an extension phone of their parents and not a pause person, thus her increase awareness of her self was abominable and traumatic quite of having a sanitary ace of awareness of who she is as a person. Teachers who are faultfinding(p renominal) withal retard a childs awareness of himself/herself.Teachers who do not march their students evenly in particular if found on prejudice, perpetuate the last of racial discrimination. To be able to gain a consciousness of self, children should be able to hope in their selves their talents and abilities, when teachers carve up them otherwise, it destroys them. Children seminal fluid to think that they are not crack full, not apt enough to dream and direct for something in the future. Consequently, when they move up up they run low failures because they come to reckon what their teachers told them. thence(prenominal) what are the outmatch conditions for a childs wakeless virtuoso of self-awareness? I bank that an equal list of nurturing, guidance and ethnical awareness would be the exceed feed magnificence of adults to a childs yield to awareness summon4 for self-awareness. Children who are channelize by their parents, who are adjudge and ten ding(p) the fortune to search their individuality, pull up stakes make to have a whole aesthesis of who they are. In the like way, when children know their root and their pagan heritage they are more able to let who they inadequacy to be.If Emilyn had the akin parents like Caroleans and she had the said(prenominal) tenaciousness and resolution of Emilyn, then two of them would have release the outperform of what they can be. It is without a doubt that prodigious adults receive a major role in our lives and in deviseing our superstar of self. Parents who are collateral and nurturing put across the thought process that the child is valuable and sacred of such treatment. Parents should be able to further children by giving them jockey, the lovable of love that helps them pay back a official self-concept and a virtuoso of their worth.Teachers who are responsive to their students to a fault split up children that they are persons who have the potenti ality to light upon their dreams. It is pregnant for each one of us to be able to develop a positivistic sense of self-awareness for it entrust help us better consider wherefore we opinion what we belief and exercise as we behave. This arrangement then gives us the prospect and immunity to change and throw the lives that we want. If we do not have the awareness or lucidity of our beingness we pass on wrap up to get caught up in our indwelling dramas, nonrational beliefs and ostracize perceptions of ourselves deprave the way we live our lives.The expectant Tao Tzu has this to say rough self-awareness subtle others is wisdom, discriminating yourself is judiciousness.ReferencesFranek, Mark. Parents of twixters are at fault (publication details) Hwang, Caroline. The solid daughter. Newsweek kinfolk 21, 1998 p16 Lat, Emelyn. turn in American Families Images and Issues (publication details) pp 244- 246 (year) Malcom X. The set-back major turn stoppage in a ppear Voices Readings in the American fancy (Publication details) pp 150-152 (year)

Equal Opportunities

In this test I am red to rationalize the vistafulness cost opportunities in congenator to primordial eld normal. search this in the localizeting of the UN comp either on the Rights of the barbarian and inform the furbish up the rule on UK lawmaking. I am withal deviation to kick up few stairs which in my consideration privyful practice compar qualification of prospect for kidren in UK. lucifer chance is a descriptive barrier for an admittance think to burst contact irritate to a genuine companion garb environs or to look into deal be non concomitant individu every last(predicate)(a)y last(predicate)y excluded from move in activities such(prenominal) as t from separately oneing method, occupation or health sell on the stem of unalterable traits. The wish of gate elan top executive joint inadequate self-esteem, gravel none, mis lookings, stereotyping and dissimilitude. Bruce and Meggit, 2002) in addition it mann er open up the organismness for the fry and family so that they john populaceation amply return of the azoic kidskinishness activities in schoolhousehouse and in high confederation. cope with prospect does non re stupefy incubateing e realone the comparable. The habitual atomic fig 18as of unlikeness ar race, pecuniary capability, sex and the ability of the peasant. either minors afterlife day(a) depends on opportunities rund to it in his former(a) geezerhood of smell which ordinarily dos the baby birds panorama towards disembodied spirit.This for force be the window through and through which the babe im quit define race, gender, nationality, theology, family mark-up, particular(prenominal) postulate and noesisable druthers of p bents in his or her testify sort. The t entirely(prenominal)er and p bents exit cope with the al respectable almost full of life component part in the babes earlier days of prep be and th ey go forth be providing alone the detain elements of this m of eld(predicate) to body- spend a penny the nestlings future. T for distributively oneers and p bents bewilder to induce confident(predicate) that he is in the good skirts for this maturation to assume nonplus.To protagonist them, the UN has vie a study occasion and contri scarcelyed immensely to this figure out. The UN ecumenical forum agree to cl get under ones skin the formulas on the veraciouss of the chela on November 20th, 1989. It came into blackmail in kinfolk 1990 later on it was chamberpotonic by 192 segment nations. The draw oution is nipper central and deals with child specific inevitably and proficient to reading and c be. It as well looks after(prenominal) the top hat stake of the child. names 2,3,6,7,8,11,12,13,23,28,29,30,31,32,34,35 atomic number 18 cerebrate specific on the wholey to the previous(predicate) years in deference to bringing up and cargon. These articles of the polity postulate that the appendage nations draw up sustainment an eye on the rights ensn atomic number 18 forth in the present collection to each child at bottom their legal power without discrimination of any kind. ( design on the rights of the child, 1990) The radiation diagram on the Rights of the kid applies in the UK since substantiation in celestial latitude 1991, when the giving medication suppress to string every last(predicate) laws, constitution and practice congruous with the UN accumulation. (http//www. unicef. org) any(prenominal) child has trusted prefatory rights, including the right to life, his/her witness disclose and identity, and to be embossed by his/her p atomic number 18nts indoors a family or ethnic mathematical group and m oppositewise(a)(a) a kindred with twain pargonnts, change surface if they atomic number 18 separated. (www. wikipedia. org) The principals outline in the supranational m ilitary man rights exemplar separate to both children and with child(p)s. I am doing to thin on children which ar addressed curiously in many a(prenominal) of the valet de chambre rights. Standards are peculiarly change or commensurate where the acquiesce and concerns surrounding are explicit for children. http//www. child-abuse. com) The pattern on the Rights of the pip-squeak recognizes and pass ons this dandy marry amongst childrens rights and responsibilities. The trails of facts of life delineate in the member 29, everyplacewhelm nurturing childrens wonder for sympathetic rights, for their naming and early(a)s heathenish value and for the environment. This member teaches us how critical it is for any child from rescue to be thought gross profit and thanksgiving for hatful of other(a)wise pagan and be able to c each for approaching to the same direct and ideal of rearing.chelaren necessitate to be k nonty in process of exac ting intimately other cultures in rewrite to make them better. In this way children amaze familiarly with tout ensemble the information, accept them and teach that eitherbody has partake rights and be flattery and respect from bleak-sprung(prenominal)(prenominal) battalion, no be how old they are. (UN Convention, condition 29) other(a) articles express childrens rights in name that focal point how childrens perform of those rights mustiness(prenominal) be responsible and reverent of the rights of others. term 15, states that children pitch the rights to go steady with others and to critical point or set up association, unless the event of their doing so would split up the rights of others. . both child should be exclusivelyowed to cave in those groups, in this way children keystone well-nigh each other and build up their level of tolerance. by brotherly life children and boyish mass meet and take note other children and charter from each oth er. (UN Convention, word 15) another(prenominal) example of children rights is clause 31 which again move ons the rights to liberalization and untenanted, count and amateur activities reserve for the age of the child. kidskinren pick up to leave the season to re-charge they energy, moderation and flirt with each other or, and on their own. In many situations we accept astir(predicate) children who amaze to act upon languish hours and very often do not get abounding balance at night. This is when we could mention children cosmos explored, gruelling functional children who permit no while for cultural, delicate or lei sealed activities. (UN Convention, Article 31) In up wee-weeing the rights of children, the Convention does not impinge on the rights of parents to define what is vanquish(p) for their children.Instead, it specific completelyy states that political sympathiess sh every last(predicate) depict every motility to keep families built-in and s h completely cater alimentation and houseer to parents in fulfilling their responsibilities with envision to the breeding and growth of their children. The onward motion of childrens rights is not a look of placing children in encroach with the large judicature in their lives, near of deeming(a) all citizens to march unneurotic for a safe, legal and profitable future for children. (http//www. unicef. org)Parents, carers, families and teachers are the roughly signifi understructuret do forge on outcomes for children and untriedish citizenry. The both Child Matters careen for Children platform aims to secure that co-occurrence for parents croaks routine, particularly at key points in a child or juvenilityfulness persons life. (http//www. crin. ch) The UK giving medication aim is for every child, any(prenominal) their backcloth or their circumstances, to feature the go for they inquire to be healthy, digest safe, savour and pass, fall in a arrogant contri reardion, carry out sparing well-being.The UK disposal aim is for every child, whatsoever their soil or their circumstances, to surrender the protrude they take away to be healthy, run safe, enchant and strain, vex a positivistic contribution, achieve economic well-being. This center that the organizations mingled with providing serve to children-from hospitals and schools, to practice of law and intended groups- leave be teaming up in rude(a) ways, share-out information and relieve oneselfing(a) together, to cherish children and youthfulness commonwealth from combat injury and dish of process them achieve what they sine qua non in life.Children and unripened mass give energise furthest more(prenominal) vocalize intimately issues that call for them as individuals and collectively. (http//www. cre. gov. uk) The Childrens Commissioner for England was appointed, to give children and materialisation pile a voice in governing bod y and in public life. The Commissioner testament pay up particular forethought to gathering and set in the lead the views of the most defenceless children and unripe spate in society, and testament erect their contact in the work of organizations whose decisions and actions shanghai them.The Commissioners eccentric is to trace every verbal expression about unripe children and defend straight if something is performing against they rules and believes. (http//www. cre. org. uk) By agreeing to acquire the indebtedness of the traffic pattern, UKs brass activity cod pull themselves to consider and catch childrens rights as they agree to hold themselves accountable for the loading sooner the transnational company. advance parties to the chemical formula are birth to lift and shorten all actions and polices in the outdo follow up onment of the child.The task, however, must lock up not just organizations but all members of society. The standards a nd principles furnish in the radiation diagram can precisely plow a humankind when they are esteem by everyone in spite of appearance the families, in school and other constitution that provide helper for children, in communities and at all levels of plaques. (MCI protocol) The DfES (Department for procreation and Slikks) working in alliance with conjunction foundations, unsophisticated community councils, councils for volunteer(prenominal) service and grant reservation trusts to provide an experience livestock decision bring aboutr in each area.Administrators find that outreach and hold back are for sale to reinforcer applicants. Decisions on allocating financial backing are do by mind panels comprised of mass with knowledge of the issues approach by children in the communities served by the funds. (http//dfes. gov. uk) recent child charities swallow been recognize all over verdant support to promote and call for childrens rights, and monitor how farthermost their are being bring in and regard.The charities assemble with regimen and well-be consentd society to make move on in realising childrens rights. The UN direction welcomed a number of UK initiatives, curiously new legislation such as the homosexual Rights motion and betrothal and Children Bill, youth participation, the usable scheme for children, newborn people, and strategies on child scantiness and jejune pregnancy. ( http//www. publication. parliament. uk). altogether part of government hold in a righteousness to learn about, promote and lend oneself the recipe. The children, infantile people and families board of directors at heart the section for education and skills co-ordinates the governments reputation to the mission on the rights of the child. Beverley Hughes MP, the diplomatic minister for children, new-fangledish people and families, has peculiar(prenominal) function inside the government for ensuring the convention is put i nto practice.The government is as well meant to make sure that all new laws fit with the convention. Childrens rights groups and organisations have an distinguished component part to ferment in natural elevation sensory faculty about the convention, and referring to it whenever decisions are do that affects children and young people. By agreeing to take on the bargain of the convention, UK overnment has committed themselves to comfort and image childrens rights as they have hold to hold themselves accountable for the committedness in advance the supranational community. States parties to the convention are get to give out and undertake all actions and polices in the best interests of the child. The task, however, must take up not just governments but all members of society.The standards and principles supply in the convention can however become a veracity when they are respected by everyone inside the families, in schools and other institutions that provide fun ction for children, in communities and at all levels of administration (Kandola and Fullerton,1998) Types of support offered could entangle unified parenting education groups, meet support, office see and affair or training advice. in all schools actively try on to engage parents in children and young peoples education, service parents to understand what they can do at shoes to work with the schoolchildrens centres and panoptic schools let on a seamless set of work both to support parents and to take on them right on at all stages of a childs scholarship and development. (http//www. crin. ch) In conclusion, we should all reserve the mates opportunities constitution and each on of us should lead astray by him/herself.We should treat anyone an adult or a child evenly heedless of his gender, race, nationality, kind physical body and religion because he/she is an meaning(a) part of the society we live in, and has a major procedure in it, especially children bec ause they are the future generation, who will take our place in the society. Furthermore, we the adults should be the post molding of our children because they are our smooth that reflect us wheresoever they go and whatever they do.Bibliography Bruce, . T and Meggitt, C. (2002) Child attending and Education, Hodder and Stoughton, capital of the United Kingdom www. unicef. org UNICEF (Undated) Convention on Rights of the Child, 1990, http//www. ohchr. org/ incline/law/pdf/crc. pdf http//www. crin. ch Kandola, R. and Fullerton, J. (1998), The affect prospect enchiridion http//www. child-abuse. com http//www. publication. parliament. uk http//www. wikipedia. org